شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی موانع توسعه ورزش والیبال در کشور عراق

اميرحسين منظمي; كرار  حيدر مظلوم; عباس  نظريان مادواني

Authors

Amir Hossein Monazami Associate Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8020-7698
Karrar Haidar Mazlum MA student, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1524-0053
Abbas Nazarian Madavani Associate Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1219-5389

Keywords:

Volleyball, sport development, economic barriers, human resources, structural equation modeling, Iraq

Abstract

The present study aimed to identify and prioritize managerial, infrastructural, economic, human-resource, socio-cultural, and legal–institutional barriers affecting the development of volleyball in Iraq. This applied study employed an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design. In the qualitative phase, 10 experts in volleyball and sport management in Iraq were selected through purposive sampling, and data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. In the quantitative phase, a researcher-developed 30-item questionnaire covering six dimensions was constructed based on the qualitative findings. The quantitative population included volleyball managers, coaches, referees, experts, and technical committee members in Iraq, of whom 384 were selected through stratified random sampling. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling in SmartPLS. Structural model results showed that economic barriers had the strongest significant relationship with the overall barrier construct (β=0.946, t=51.904, P<0.001). Human-resource barriers ranked second (β=0.877, t=26.846, P<0.001), followed by socio-cultural barriers (β=0.786, t=24.840, P<0.001) and legal–institutional barriers (β=0.670, t=8.285, P<0.001). In contrast, managerial barriers (β=-0.678, t=1.670, P=0.095) and infrastructural barriers (β=-0.654, t=0.995, P=0.320) were not statistically significant. Accordingly, economic, human-resource, socio-cultural, and legal–institutional barriers occupied the highest priority positions. Volleyball development in Iraq appears to be constrained primarily by economic limitations and weaknesses in human resources. Therefore, sustainable financing policies, stronger private-sector participation, systematic development of coaches and referees, improved talent identification, greater social participation, and more effective institutional mechanisms are recommended to reduce development barriers and facilitate the advancement of volleyball in Iraq.

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